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甲方(委托方):姓名:_____________(或企业名称) 乙方(受委托方):_______________________________ _________会事务所经甲乙双方共同商定,就甲方注册外国公司一事签订本委托书。 甲方同意乙方委托海外执业律师事务所(执业会计师事务所)或秘书公司按以下要求办理外国公司注册手续。 甲方拟注册的英国公司名称为:______________________ 一、委托事项 1.甲方提供所有董事、秘书身份证明及公司英文名称。 2.公司注册资本(英镑)_____元整;(注册资本超过100英镑,须额外按比例缴纳厘印税费。) 3.英国公司资料包括:注册证书、法定注册文件、公司组织章程、股票、法定记录册、钢印、,胶印、签字印。 二、费用 委托费用:(英镑大写)______________或(人民币大写)_______________________; 厘印税费:(英镑大写)______________或(人民币大写)_______________________; 共计:(英镑大写)__________________或(人民币大写)_______________________. 三、付款方式 付款金额:(大写)______________________________.

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附条件买卖契约书 立契约书人买受人:x?x?x 出卖人:x?x?x 兹因买受人向出卖人购买附表一的标的物,依动产担保法规定,双方约定条款如下: 一、?买卖标的物: 二、?买卖标的物业已点交买受人占有使用,但买受人未付清全部价款之前功尽弃(或买受人所交付支票未全部兑现之前),出卖人保有标的物及其附件的所有权。买受人使用标的物,应遵守下列条件: (一)?标的物应置放于x?x(处所)。买受人妥善保管维护使用。未经出卖人书面同意,不得将标的物移离上述地点。 (二)?出卖人得随时派员至标的物所在地点,检查标的物的状况。 (三)?买受人不得毁损标的物或涂灭标的物上名称、商标、厂牌与编号。 (四)?标的物(包括零件、附件)因火灾、盗窃以及天灾地变等不可抗力而发生的损失,概归买受人负担。 (五)?买受人不得交标的物出借、让与、出质、出卖、提供担保 或为其他任何处分。 三、?买卖人取得所有权的方法: 四、?买受人取得所有权的条件:买受人付清全部价格时(如系开票据时,于该票据全部兑现时),买受人始行取得标的物所有权。 五、?第三条所定付款,如买受人有任何一期未付情况(或所开票据有任何一张不兑现情况),经出卖人以挂号函发信期限三日催告(发信日为准),买受人仍未清偿时,买受人并愿径受强制执行。出卖人得申请法院强制执行收回买卖标的物。其已付价款,全部视为买受人使用标的物的折旧损害赔偿,不得请求退还。如标的物有毁损,买受人应按出卖人通知的数额赔偿。 六、?买受人如将标的物保险,其受益人应列为出卖人。 七、?就本契约所生纠纷之一切诉讼(包括连带保证人部分)以x?x法院为第一审管辖法院,强制执行收回标的物,则由标的物所在地的地方法院管辖。 八、?其他条件: (一)?双方应即日向管辖登记机关,办理动产担保附条件买卖契约的登记。如买受人不协同出卖人办理登记,任凭出卖人随时收回标的物,并赔偿出卖人的一切损失,买受人无异议。 (二)?本件动产担保附条件买卖契约登记有效期间为三年,自登记日起算。 (三)?出卖人收回标的物十日内,买受人得以现金缴付余额全部(或未兑付票据全部)及偿还出卖人收回的一切费用于出卖人后,领回原标的物。其领回位置,由买受人自理。 (四)?其他未定事项,概依有关法律的规定办理。 九、?买受人的连带保证人,就买受人因本契约而生的一切债务,负连带责任,并愿抛弃民法保证各条内有关保证人和权利。连带保证人所负责任,以保证至履行本契约所生全部债务时为止。保证人非经出卖人的书面同意,不得借故中途退保。 十、?出卖人依第五条收回的买卖标的物,经拍卖所得的价金与买受人已付的价金合计总数不足清偿全部货款时,买受人及连带保证人仍应负全部清偿责任。 买受人: 住址: 身份证号: 连带保证人: 住址: 身份证号: 出卖人: x?x?x?x年x月x日

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(文中蓝色字体下载后有风险提示) 卖方:(简称甲方) 联系电话: 地址: 风险提示: 仔细审查合同相对方是否具有签约资格和履约能力,避免相对方恶意欺诈或无力履行合同而导致损失。 在签约前应保留对方的营业执照复印件并尽量通过工商部门查询了解其真实情况,还可以通过电话、网络查询,最好亲自上门察看一下,尽可能多地了解对方的资格、信用状况、留意对方的营业执照是否年检,是否是假执照、单位经营(办公)场所和登记的是否一致,股东构成如何,是否有不良记录,要求提供经审计的财务报告来判断经营状况等。 买方:(简称乙方) 联系电话: 地址: 甲、乙双方按照《中华人民共和国合同法》及有关法律法规的规定,经双方友好协商一致,现就甲方出售自种绿化苗木事宜达成如下条款: 风险提示: 合同订立应采取书面形式并使用比较标准的合同范本或采用自己一方提供的范本。因为非书面形式在发生纠纷时不好确定责任,也为免被人利用进行欺诈,订立合同应尽量采用书面形式。 合同的内容应合法,且能充分保护自身权益,避免不利条款。根据合同双方力量的对比,尽可能争取相对有利的合同条款,不要签义务多、责任重、权利少的一边倒的合同。仔细审核合同主要条款是否齐全,力求用语准确、清晰、避免歧义,严防笔误、涂改。 第一条、转让标的物及价格 1、甲方愿意将其位于____________内原绿化地所有的乙方可用的苗木出售给乙方。 2、甲方同意以__________人民币的价格一次性出售给乙方。 风险提示: 应明确约定付款的时间。模棱两可的约定会给合作方找到拖延付款的理由。如约定“乙方在收货后一次性付清款项”,此约定只有始期,即“收货”,无终期,即到底是收货后当日/当时支付款项,还是收货后一日/两日/十日内付清 应该有明确的始期和终期。 第二条、付款方式 乙方将所有可用的苗木全部移走后一次性付款给甲方。 第三条、双方权利义务 1、甲方确认上述出售给乙方的苗木是合法的、产权清晰,没有权属和任何经济纠纷。否则甲方愿意承担一切法律责任和由此给乙方带来的一切经济损失并支付违约金。 2、合同签订后,甲方愿意为乙方提供采挖树苗的便利条件。负责处理采挖、运输过程中的一切纠纷、及各部门、村委会、人员阻碍、干涩、刁难等一切不利于采挖、运输及买卖的一切行为。否则甲方愿意承担一切法律责任和由此给乙方带来的一切经济损失并支付违约金。 3、甲方负责办理树苗采挖及运输的相关合法手续(手续费自理),所有手续必须在合同签订后10个工作日内完成以免延误乙方采挖及运输树苗。 4、合同签订后,甲方保证该批苗木是完整的,不存在人为的破坏和偷挖苗木的情况发生。 风险提示: 如果货物送往本地,当明确约定送货地点,这关系到纠纷处理时法院的管辖;如果货物送往外地,则尽量不要写明,而应争取约定由本地法院管辖。此外,合同中应列明收货方的经办人的姓名。经办人签收亦视买受人签收。重新委任签收人,须提交留有其签名的收货授权书。这样做的目的是防止经办人离开后,对方不承认收货的事实,给诉讼中的举证带来困难。 因现在企业人员的变动较为频繁,当对方更换新的经办人时,应当要求对方提供授权委托书。对于送货到外地的卖方来说,应特别注意应尽量要求对方付清全款后再卸货,以防止外地买方卸货后不再支付余款,置于“货款两飞”的尴尬境地。 5、乙方自行采挖和运输树苗,所产生的费用由乙方自行承担。在甲方提供相关树苗采挖及运输的相关合法手续之日起3个月内完成所有苗木的移栽。 第四条、争议解决 合同在履行过程中发生争议,双方应首先协商解决,协商不成受诉法院为昆明市中级人民法院,胜诉方与诉讼相关的诉讼费、律师费等由败诉方根据败诉比例为对方承担。 第五条、合同效力 1、本合同一式两份经双方签字认可之后生效,甲乙双方各执一份。 2、本合同期限为双方货、款两清。 风险提示: 质量不符合合同约定,通常违约方应按照合同总金额的___%向守约方支付违约金。违约责任中是否包括预期利润,可以综合交易的实际的情况,约定违约方违约时须赔偿守约方的预期利润,约定的预期利润可以得到法院的支持。 根据合同法规定,当事人一方违约时,守约方只能向违约方主张违约金和经济损失的一种,既主张违约金又主张赔偿损失的一般不会得到法院的支持。 第六条、违约责任 1、甲、乙双方合同签订后,任何一方违反上述条款均为违约。双方同意违约金定为______万元人民币(大写:______万元整)。

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企业国有产权进场交易协议书 企业国有产权进场交易协议书 签约各方: 甲方:________________ 乙方:________________ 鉴于:________________ 一、双方责任 二、双方保证 三、交易方式 3.1甲方同意由乙方根据挂牌公告产生的购买方情况选择确定适当的产权交易方式。如果仅产生一个购买方,采取协议转让方式进行;如果产生两个或两个以上购买方,采取拍卖、竞投或招标方式进行。 3.2交易方式确定后,由乙方负责组织交易,产生受让方,乙方组织指导甲方与受让方签订《产权交易合同》。 四、交易费用 4.1登记挂牌手续费; 4.2交易佣金; 4.3竞投(拍卖、招标)佣金; 4.4咨询服务费。 五、费用支付 甲乙双方约定 六、交易价款的结算及划转 6.1《产权交易合同》签订后,甲方同意依照有关规定通过乙方指定的专用交易资金结算账户办理本次转让价款的结算手续。 6.2受让方应按照《产权交易合同》约定,把受让全部购买价款或首期付款一次性足额汇入乙方指定的专用交易资金结算帐户;乙方在确认受让方的购买价款入帐后,向甲方发出书面的交易价款入帐通知。 6.3甲方与受让方缴纳全部交易费用后,乙方向甲方出具产权交易凭证。 6.4乙方出具产权交易凭证后,甲方应协助购买方及时办理有关产权变更手续。 6.5与本次国有出资转让有关的变更手续办理完毕后,乙方依据国资监管部门或受让方的支付指令将转让价款划转给甲方。 七、声明及保证 甲方保证自评估基准日到权证变更日期间,负责监督出让标的企业的生产经营行为。出让标的企业除维持正常生产经营外,不得有随意借款,放弃债权,提前清偿债务,对外提供担保,隐匿、私分、无偿转让或低价转让本企业财产行为。同时把可能发生对该出资转让项目价格产生较大影响的重大事项,立即报告乙方,并公开披露,说明事件的实质。重大事项包括但不限于下列情况: 1、出让标的企业的经营政策、经营项目或经营环境发生重大变化; 2、出让标的企业订立重要合同,发生投资、担保、诉讼、借款等事项; 3、出让标的企业发生重大债务、未能归还到期重大债务的违约情况或发生重大经营性亏损,资产遭受重大损失等情况。 八、税费责任 九、保密条款 十、违约责任和争议解决 十一、生效、变更 11.1本协议经双方代表签字盖章后生效。 11.2本协议生效后,若任何一方提前终止或解除本协议,应征得对方同意,对方同意后,本协议可提前终止和解除。 11.3本协议的变更须经签约双方协商一致,且只能采取书面形式修改或签署补充协议。 11.4未尽事宜,甲乙双方同意依据国家和山东省颁布的有关产权交易的政策法规及《山东省产权交易规则(试行)》实施。 11.5本协议正本一式四份,双方签字盖章后各执二份,具有同等效力。 甲方:__________________________ 法定代表人

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(文中蓝色字体下载后有风险提示) 合同编号: 甲方: 委托代理人: 联系地址: 联系电话: 开户行: 账号: 乙方: 委托代理人: 联系地址: 联系电话: 开户行: 账号: 风险提示: 仔细审查合同相对方是否具有签约资格和履约能力,避免相对方恶意欺诈或无力履行合同而导致损失。 在签约前应保留对方的营业执照复印件并尽量通过工商部门查询了解其真实情况,还可以通过电话、网络查询,最好亲自上门察看一下,尽可能多地了解对方的资格、信用状况、留意对方的营业执照是否年检,是否是假执照、单位经营(办公)场所和登记的是否一致,股东构成如何,是否有不良记录,要求提供经审计的财务报告来判断经营状况等。 根据《中华人民共和国合同法》及其他有关法律、法规之规定,买卖双方经过协商,确认根据下列条款订立合同,以资共同遵照执行。 风险提示: 合同订立应采取书面形式并使用比较标准的合同范本或采用自己一方提供的范本。因为非书面形式在发生纠纷时不好确定责任,也为免被人利用进行欺诈,订立合同应尽量采用书面形式。 合同的内容应合法,且能充分保护自身权益,避免不利条款。根据合同双方力量的对比,尽可能争取相对有利的合同条款,不要签义务多、责任重、权利少的一边倒的合同。仔细审核合同主要条款是否齐全,力求用语准确、清晰、避免歧义,严防笔误、涂改。 一、货物清单及价格 货物名称 规格 数量 价格(元) 合计人民币(大写): 二、质量与技术标准和产品包装 1、质量与技术标准: 产品的质量技术标准为产品制造商(下称原厂商)制定的质量技术标准。 买方已知悉上述标准,并确认采用该标准的产品能满足买方对产品的要求。 2、产品包装: (1)有原厂包装的,按原厂包装标准; (2)没有原厂包装的,按卖方包装标准进行包装。 三、收货事项 1、本合同设备的到货日期为:合同生效起__________个工作日内。 2、本合同实际支付金额为人民币(大写)____________。 3、甲方给乙方的付款方式:()支票;()电汇;()银行汇票;()lc;()t/t。 4、本合同经双方签订后正式生效,付款方式:_________。 5、甲方未付齐货款全款(100%)之前,货物所有权归乙方所有。

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第二章 英文合同的特色(Features of English Contracts)Form follows function. --motto of the Bauhaus school of architecture 形式服从功能 --鲍豪斯建筑学院校训 与基础英语相比,作为专业性极强的语言,英文合同的用语不同于日常语言,具有显著的特点。首先,句子冗长而且复杂、似乎总也找不到句号,用词偏僻,晦涩难读,不易理解。其次,英文合同中往往沿用拉丁语,法律术语,跟中文的文言文似的,着实是佶屈聱牙,令人痛苦不堪。再次,由于属于专业英语的范畴,英语合同必然涉及法律方面理解,阅读者除了语言本身的能力外,对于法律也应具备一定的素质。这是所有专业英语的共性,就是需相应的专业知识,这方面本文恕不多言。下面就是Plain English Campaign(直白英语运动)组织所遇到的最长的英文合同的句子,有兴趣的读者不妨看看到底是什么意思: In the event that the Purchaser defaults in the payment of any installment of purchase price, taxes, insurance, interest, or the annual charge described elsewhere herein, or shall default in the performance of any other obligations set forth in this Contract, the Seller may: at his option: (a) Declare immediately due and payable the entire unpaid balance of purchase price, with accrued interest, taxes, and annual charge, and demand full payment thereof, and enforce conveyance of the land by termination of the contract or according to the terms hereof, in which case the Purchaser shall also be liable to the Seller for reasonable attorney’s fees for services rendered by any attorney on behalf of the Seller, or (b) sell said land and premises or any part thereof at public auction, in such manner, at such time and place, upon such terms and conditions, and upon such public notice as the Seller may deem best for the interest of all concerned, consisting of advertisement in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or city in which the security property is located at least once a week for Three (3) successive weeks or for such period as applicable law may require and, in case of default of any purchaser, to re-sell with such postponement of sale or resale and upon such public notice thereof as the Seller may determine, and upon compliance by the Purchaser with the terms of sale, and upon judicial approval as may be required by law, convey said land and premises in fee simple to and at the cost of the Purchaser, who shall not be liable to see to the application of the purchase money; and from the proceeds of the sale: First to pay all proper costs and charges, including but not limited to court costs, advertising expenses, auctioneer’s allowance, the expenses, if any required to correct any irregularity in the title, premium for Seller’s bond, auditor’s fee, attorney’s fee, and all other expenses of sale occurred in and about the protection and execution of this contract, and all moneys advanced for taxes, assessments, insurance, and with interest thereon as provided herein, and all taxes due upon said land and premises at time of sale, and to retain as compensation a commission of five percent (5%) on the amount of said sale or sales; SECOND, to pay the whole amount then remaining unpaid of the principal of said contract, and interest thereon to date of payment, whether the same shall be due or not, it being understood and agreed that upon such sale before maturity of the contract the balance thereof shall be immediately due and payable; THIRD, to pay liens of record against the security property according to their priority of lien and to the extent that funds remaining in the hands of the Seller are available; and LAST, to pay the remainder of said proceeds, if any, to the vendor, his heirs, personals representatives, successors or assigns upon the delivery and surrender to the vendee of possession of the land and premises, less costs and excess of obtaining possession. 因此,国外,特别是美国要求法律文件的格式和语言应当现代化的呼声愈来愈强烈。Robert E. Swindle早在美国1980年出版的The Business Communicator一书中就写到:" ... legal and quasilegal documents can and are being written in everyday language. Several leading companies are rewriting their legal forms voluntarily, and the State of New York recently passed a law requiring that businesses write consumer contracts in nontechnical language. Additionally, the President of the United States has directed all administrative agencies to write future regulations in what he termed plain English for a change." (大意是说法律和准法律性文件能用日常语言书就,而且人们也正在这样做。几家大公司自愿重新起草他们的法律文书,纽约州最近也通过一项法律,要求商业企业用非术语草拟消费者合同。另外,美国总统下令所有行政机构在出台将来的规定时要用他所称的直白英语进行变革。)而在英国也有一个成立了25年的Plain English Campaign(直白英语运动)组织致力于各种公文的直白英语化,而反对各种官样文章(gobbledygook)。1999年英国颁布实施的消费者不公平术语法(Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations)也要求消费者合同的术语必须用直白明了的语言(plain and intelligible language),该法也要求这些术语必须是易读的,意味着要用清晰的设计和排印(clear design and typography)。类似的法律也在欧盟的国家适用。 但 Law Dictionary的作者Steven H. Gifts在该字典的前言中感叹到“…the special language of the law remains a barrier to nonlawyers. To the extent that this promotes the economic health of the profession, maintains its aura, and prevent unauthorized practice of the law, it may be regarded as a virtue.”大意是说,法律专业语言对律师以外的人士来讲,仍然是一道壁垒。从促进行业经济的健康发展,保留行业特点和防止未经授权进行律师执业等方面考虑,可以把这种语言壁垒看作是一种行业优势。 作为非英美法系的非英语国家,面对加入WTO,全球经济一体化的严峻挑战,我们应该怎样应对纷繁复杂的英文法律文件和语言呢?尽管Plain English(直白)似乎是大势所趋,但万事都有个渐变的过程,长年累月沉淀下来的习惯不是一下就能改变的。拿来主义某种意义上,是必须的,所以我们首先还是应该先通晓传统的英语合同格式和用语,在精通的基础上,才能谈得上根据实际情况进行进一步的格式和用语方面的改革,取其精华,去其糟粕,当然,这需要一个漫长的过程。以下就针对英文合同的特色分别从篇章结构、用词、句式结构以及时态四大方面进行说明。 第一节 篇章结构特点(Text Structure) 一份完整的英文合同通常可以分为标题(Title)、前言(Preamble)、正文(Habendum)、附录(Schedule)及证明部分即结尾词(Attestation)五大部分。「标题」在开宗明义地显示合同的性质;「前言」是用最简单的说明,大略介绍合同订立的背景;「正文」里包括依各种合同性质的不同而约定的具体条款,包括不论何种类型合同都会出现的一般条款;[附录]构成对前述合同正文条款作必要的补充。(不是所有合同都有该部分)最后「结尾」则是当事人签名前的一段文字,为整份合同画上完满的句号。以下分别就此五部分进行说明。 一、合同的标题(Title) 英文合同和中文合同都一样,标题并不是一定要有的,因为当事人间的法律关系是用合同内容的各个条款来判断,标题基本上不会产生任何影响。但为方便辨识的考虑,合同撰写人通常都会依照合同性质,在合同首页的最上方给予一个适当的标题。在第一章的英文合同名称中已有介绍,在此不再赘述,仅补充Confirmation(确认书),Order(定单)经常也会出现在简易的合同中。 二、合同的前言(Preamble) 英文合同在标题之后,各式各样的条款出现之前,通常会先有一段「前言」,也称序言、导言、总则等, 也见有称为“Non-operative part”者。前言一般不会占去太多的篇幅,目的在于很简略地介绍合同内容之人、事、时、地、物等背景,让阅读合同的人在接触冗长复杂的正文前,先有一个基础的认识与心理准备。 详细来说,前言通常又分作以下两个段落: 第一部份文字叫做 "Parties" ,也就是合同的「开场白」(Commencement),内容在说明当事人姓名或名称、国籍或注册地国及住所地或主营业地、订约日期包括各自在合同中的简称等等。 EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT (SALES) EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________ (month), ____ (year), by and between: _______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Employee"), an individual, with nationality of _________ (Passport No._____) residing at _____________. 本聘用协议于___年_月_日签订,双方当事人为: 依_州法律组织设立的________公司 (以下简称本公司) , 主营业地为_______,与 ___国籍的____ (护照号码: _____)(以下简称雇员), 居住于_________________。 & by and between 要表示合同是由哪些当事人所订定,英文中通常会说"This Agreement is made by and between...",用"by"来表示合同「由谁订定」,"between"来表示「谁与谁之间的订立」。如果当事人不只两个,也可以用"by and among"来代替。 & organized and existing 合同开场白里要说明当事人的国籍,在自然人的情况下可以用"a national of ..."或"an individual with the nationality of ..."来表示,如果是法人组织多半使用"organized and existing under the laws of ..."这样的字眼,其中"organized"也可以用"incorporated"来代替。 & registered office "registered office"是指一个公司的「注册所在地」,它和"principal office" 或“ principal place of business”即「主营业地」并不一定位于同一个地方。 第二部份叫做"Recitals",是由数个以"Whereas"字样开头的句子所组合而成(这些句子俗称为"Whereas Clauses" 即鉴于条款)。 "Whereas"的本义是"When in fact"、"considering that"、或"that being the case"的意思,所以"Whereas Clauses"就表示当事人乃是在基于对这些事实(例如订约的目的、背景、原由等)的共同认识,订立此合同。以下是一个补偿贸易合同(Compensation Trade Contract)的Whereas Clauses,很简单明了地表达了双方合作的意愿。 WITNESSETH Whereas Party B has machines and equipment, which are now used in Party B’s manufacturing of steel wire rope, and is willing to sell to Party A the machines and equipment; and Whereas Party B agrees to buy the products, steel wire rope, made by Party A using the machines and equipment Party B supplies, in compensation of the price of the machines and equipment, and Whereas Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the machines and equipment, and Whereas Party A agrees to sell to Party B the products, the steel wire rope, in compensation of the price of Party B’s machines and equipment; 兹证明(通常不译) 鉴于乙方拥有用于生产钢丝绳的机械设备,愿向甲方出售该机械设备; 鉴于乙方同意购买甲方用乙方所供应的该机械设备生产的产品,钢丝绳来补偿该机械设备的价款; 鉴于甲方同意从乙方购买该机械设备; 鉴于甲方同意向乙方出售产品钢丝绳以补偿乙方机械设备的价款; 紧接在一串whereas clauses之后,会出现类似上例中的"Now Therefore, in consideration [对价/约因(港台多用此遇)] of……:"这样一句话,表明合同是有偿合同,目的在提醒阅读合同的人,真正规范订约当事人权利义务关系的条款在这句话之后就要开始了,也就是说,这句话是前言与正文之间过渡的桥梁,在此之前为订约背景事实的叙述,在此之后则为关于交易关系的实体约定(一般称为"operative part/clauses")。 例如:Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,订约双方协议如下: 三、正文(Hanbendum/Operative part) 正文(Hanbendum) 部分, 也称Operative part/clauses或Body, 具体约定当事人的权利义务。各式各样的正文条款是合同中最核心的部份,也是篇幅最大的部份,与当事人的权利义务关系发生最直接、最密切的牵连。 本书拟将英文合同中的正文条款分为两类:「特殊条款」与「一般条款」。所谓「特殊条款」指的是只有在某些特定性质的合同中才会出现的条款,例如劳动合同中通常会约定保密条款、竞业禁止条款,但是买卖同就不会有这些约定。反过来说,买卖合同中一般要记载交易标的、交易条件等等条款,在劳动合同中就不会出现。 相对于「特殊条款」的所谓「一般条款」,指的是不论合同性质如何,几乎所有的合同中都会记载的条款,例如管辖法院的约定、违约条款等等,将于第四章中详细介绍,在此亦不赘述。 四、附录(Schedule) 附录也称Addendum, Annex或Exhibit,也有用Attachment, List或Table表示的。附录部分作为对正文条款的补充,不是所有英文合同都有的一项。以下就是一份聘用协议的附录,对该公司聘用的经理职责作出补充说明: THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company 2. To attend personally during the usual hours of business and to supervise and control the business and to be accessible to customers and employees of the Company. 3. To keep the usual books of account. 4. To pay daily all money received in the business into the Company’s bank account. 5. Generally to protect the interests of the Company. 上文提及的附录是指: 1. 管理,维持并促进公司的经营 2.亲自参与公司的日常经营,监管经营,对本公司的客户和员工平易近人。 3. 保管日常账册。 4. 支付日常公司经营到帐的款项 5. 广泛地保护公司的利益 此外,即便是有这部分的英文合同,也经常因为附录的内容庞杂篇幅较长,如有关的图表或者其他法律文书,而放在合同的最后单独列明。下文就是单独列在合同后的附录的一个信用证: EXHIBIT B Letter of Credit XYZ BANK LIMLTED [Address] Credit Bank, N. A. International Banking Facility Los Angeles, California 90000 U.S.A. Date: Letter of Credit No.: Gentlemen: We hereby establish this irrevocable letter of credit in your favor for account of ABC Company in the amount of U. S. $ _______ (amount in words), available against your draft(s) drawn at sight on Credit Bank, N.A., Letter of Credit Department, Los Angeles, California, accompanied by your signed and dated statement as follows: "The amount drawn under Letter of Credit No.[_________]dated[_______] issued by XYZ Bank Limited on behalf of ABC Company is payable to the undersigned pursuant to the terms of that certain Loan Agreement dated as of _________, 20 ___, between ABC Company and Credit Bank. N.A." All drafts drawn under this Letter of Credit must bear the clause "Drawn under XYZ Bank Limited Letter of Credit Number_____, dated_______, 20 ___. Partial drawings are permitted. We hereby engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of drafts drawn under and in compliance with the terms of this Letter of Credit that the drafts will be duly honored if drawn and presented to the above drawn in Los Angeles, California, on or before [Expiry date 30 days after the final Installment Payment Date]. This Letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), International Chamber of Commerce, Publication No. 400. Special Instructions to Drawee Bank In reimbursement for any payment made by you hereunder, you may debit our account with you. XYZ BANK LIMITED BY____________ (Authorized Signature) 附件B: XYZ银行 地址: 北美信贷银行 国际银行业务部 美国加州洛杉玑 日期: 信用证号码: *先生 我行在此开立,以ABC公司为受益人,总额为*美元的不可撤销信用证,凭交加州洛杉玑北美信贷银行信用证部开出的即期汇票付款。并附有贵行签署、具名日期的如下声明: 由XYZ银行代表ABC公司*年*月*日开立的第*号信用证项下款项系根据ABC公司与北美信贷银行*年*月*日订立的某贷款协议条款规定,付与签字人。 本证项下开具的汇票须注明“本汇票系凭XYZ银行……年……月……日第…号信用证下开具”的条款。 允许部分提款。 凡根据本证开具与本证条款相符的汇票,如按时开具提交我行,我行保证对出票人、背书人和善意持有人不迟于最后分期付款日后30天内承担付款责任。 本信用证系根据国际商会第400号出版物跟单信用证统一惯例与实务(1983年版)缮制。 付款行特别指令 贵行本信用证项下所付款项,记入我行与贵行的借记帐户。 XYZ银行 授权签字 五、证明部分(Attestation) 英文合同结构中的最后一个部份就是结尾辞即证明部分与当事人的签名。所谓「结尾辞」指的是在当事人签名之前经常会出现一段文字,相当于中文合同中“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。除了表明签名人确实为正当授权的代表外,还会具明签名的日期。至于签名档的部份,如果当事人是公司的话,除了代表人的签名以外,还要加盖公司印鉴,并且通常会注明代表人的职务(title)。 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. ___________________ ___________________ By: By: Title: Title: 本协议由被授权之人,于本协议上述所记载日期,代表双方当事人缔结生效之,特此为证。 _________________ __________________ 代表人: 代表人: 职务: 职务: & IN WITNESS WHEREOF 这三个词是英文合同结尾辞的标准模式,实体上讲并没有什幺特别的功能或意义,与中文合同里最后通常会记载的「恐口说无凭,特立契为证」很类似,也有用IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF 替代,有时候也会用"INTENDING TO BE LEGALLY BOUND"代替,意思也是一样的。 & duly authorized representatives 当合同之当事人为法人组织时,必须推选出一位自然人作为法定代表人,例如公司的法定代表人通常会是董事长,代表公司对外签订合同,建立权利义务关系。除了董事长根据法律当然具备对外代表公司的权限之外,公司董事会也可以通过决议授权某一个董事、总经理、或其它重要职员作为公司签约的代表人,此时与公司签约的对方当事人为了确保这个代表人的确属于"duly authorized representative",可以要求公司提供这个授权的董事会决议证明,以妥善保护自己的权益。下面就是一个董事会对采购员的授权决议: BOARD OF DIRECTORS’ RESOLUTION DESIGNATING A PURCHASING AGENT Pursuant to a duly made, seconded, and carried motion the Board of Directors of __________ _________________ (hereinafter referred to as Corporation) adopted the following resolution by a unanimous vote: RESOLVED, that ______________________ is hereby appointed Purchasing Agent of this Corporation with limited authority to make purchases in the Corporation’s name and behalf. Under no circumstances will the Purchasing Agent have real or apparent authority to make a purchase for the Corporation if the dollar amount of said purchase or the total dollar amount of an installment purchase will exceed the amount of __________ dollars ($___________). I The undersigned, _________________________, certifies that he or she is the duly appointed Secretary of _______________________ Corporation and that the above is a true and correct copy of a resolution duly adopted at a meeting of the directors thereof, convened and held in accordance with law and the Bylaws of said Corporation on _____________, (Date) and that such resolution is now in full force and effect. IN WITNESS THEREOF, I have affixed my name as Secretary of _________________ ____________________ Corporation and have attached the seal of ________________ ____________________ Corporation to this resolution. Dated: ______________________ ___________________________ Secretary Seal: 董事会决议: 任命采购员: 就已第二次提起到董事会的动议,本公司董事会全体一致通过如下决议: 兹决议,本公司授权***为本公司采购员,以本公司名义代表本公司对外采买。但其单笔采购金额或分期购买的总额不得超过***美元。超过该数额该采购员概无真实或表见代理权。 我,签字人,证明***,他/她是本公司正式任命的秘书,以上是本公司董事会决议的真实准确的副本,该决议系按法律和本公司章程在*年*月*日召开的董事会上正式通过,现完全有效。 作为公司秘书我签字并盖公司印鉴于该决议,特此为证。 日期:*年*月*日 秘书:(签字) 公司印鉴:(盖章) & the date and year first written above 如果合同结尾辞里注明的日期和合同前言所载明的日期相同,就用这句话表示,如果不同的话,就应该另以条款明定合同生效日(Effective Date),以免产生争议。如下例: After this contract is signed by the duly authorized representatives of both parties, both parties shall submit the contract to their governments or Boards of Directors for approval. The date when the later party obtains the approval shall be taken as the effective date of the contract. Both parties shall attempt to get the contract approval within 60 days from signing and notify by telex or cable the other party of the approval which is confirmed by the following registered air-mail letter. 本合同经双方正式授权代表签署后,应提交各自政府或董事会批准。以后一方获得批准日期为本合同生效日。双方应尽力在合同签署后60日内获得批准并以电传或电报形式通知该批准,随后以航空挂号邮件确认。 第二节 英文合同的用词特点(Wording) 作为正式法律文件,英语合同在用词方面极其考究,要求选词专业(professional),正式(formal),准确(accuracy)。具体体现如下: 1.专业性术语(Technical Terms/ Terminology) 法律专业性术语是在合同等法律文件中才用到的词汇,它并不以一般受众为对象,而针对专业人士,力求使语言表达准确无误。中文合同中常见的诸如“瑕疵”(defect)、“救济”(remedy)、“不可抗力”(force Majeure)、“管辖”(jurisdiction)等专业用词就已经让非专业人士大惑不解了,英文合同的专业用词自然就更玄妙无比了。具体的实例如下: l Without prejudice to the parties’ rights under Clause 18. 1, the indemnities provided for in Clausel6. 1 and/or 16. 2 and/or 16. 3 shall be the sole compensation for the damages caused by such delays.不妨害18.1款双方的权利,16.1,16.2及16.3款规定的赔偿应为上述延误引起损害的唯一赔偿金。indemnities较compensation专业,此处用compensation解释了indemnities; l Any such assignment, transfer or conveyance shall be without other consideration than the mutual covenants and considerations of this agreement.任何转让除根据本协议相互契约和对价外不得考虑其他。Transfer,assignment和conveyance都有转让的含义,其中assignment和conveyance(多用于不动产)尤为专业。 l We advise you of our intention to terminate our tenancy on or before ________________ (Date) and to deliver to you full possession of the premises。我方不迟于某日期通知你方终止租约并交还房屋全部所有。tenancy指房屋租赁的租约,而premises指租赁的房屋及其附属物都是专业用语。 l Licensee agrees to pay to Licensor a minimum royalty of___________ Dollars ($______) as a minimum guarantee against royalties to be paid to Licensor during the first contract term, said minimum royalty to be paid on or before the last day of the initial term hereto. 受许可方同意支付许可方最低使用费*美元作为该许可合同第一期使用费的最低保证金,该最低使用费不迟于本合同的入门期最后一天支付给许可方。Royalties在许可合同中专指特许权使用费。 l Price of the Contract shall be calculated on Royalty in accordance with the content and scope stipulated in Article 2 to the Contract and shall be paid in___________.按照第二条规定的内容和范围。本合同采用提成方式计算价格,计价的货币为___。与上例不同的是,这里的royalty指的是许可合同计价方式的一种即提成计价(royalty price),相对于统包价格(lumpsum price) l Default in observing or performing any of the covenants or agreements of debtor set forth in any collateral document of security given to secure indebtedness hereunder, and the continuation of such default beyond any period of grace specified in any such document. 借款人未能履行契约或附带的担保文件列明的协议,以及该违约的持续超过上述文件规定的宽限期。在借款合同中grace专指宽限期,而不是普通英语的其他意思。 l Furthermore, the parties agree that the following situations shall be considered as exceptional circumstances which justify the earlier termination by the other party: bankruptcy, moratorium, receivership, liquidation or any kind of composition between the debtor and the creditors, or any circumstances which are likely to affect substantially one party’s ability to carry out his obligations under this contract。此外,双方同意以下条件应认为是对方合理提前终止合同的例外情形:破产、延付令、破产在管、清算或其他债权人和债务人任何形式的和解,或任何可能对一方履行合同项下义务能力造成实质影响的情形。此处的composition显然不是普通英语中“作文”的意思,而是指破产和解。 l In addition, upon request of the Board and if the Liquidating Trustee determines that it would be imprudent to dispose of any non-cash assets of the Company, such assets may be distributed in kind to the Members in lieu of cash, proportionately to their right to receive cash distributions hereunder.另外,应董事会请求且如果清算托管人确定处理本公司非现金财产非明智之举,该财产可按各成员根据合同项下收取现金份额的权利以实物形式替代现金进行分配。In kind 此处与in cash 相对,通常用于合资、合伙协议中表示“以实物出资”,本句中是以实物分配清算。In lieu of 表示替代相当于基础英语中的instead of。 l The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则,售方有权不经通知取消本确认书,或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分,或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。Reserve为专用词汇,我们常见的“版权所有”英语表达就是All rights reserved。Rescind(取消合同/协议)和lodge(提出索赔,与claim(s)连用)也都是专业用语。 l In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of his investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right. 如一方欲出售或转让其所投资的部分或全部,另一方应有优先购买权。Assign(其名词形式assignment)和Preemptive属专业用语。 2. 正式用语(Formal Terms) 英文合同,习惯采用书面的形式,合同往往使用正式的书面用语,较少使用口头用语,以显示合同正规、严肃。具体实例如下: l At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 assist 较 help 正式; l The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式; 来源:(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_516690e9010091ku.html) - 英文合同解读(三)_kevin_新浪博客 l The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。 render 较 give 正式; l Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。 repatriate 较 send back 正式; l This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.本合同受中国法律管辖,并按中国法律解释。construe 较 explain, interpret 正式;in accordance with 较according to正式。 l The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时,可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式;而且,require表示上对下的要求,ask没有这么明确,它含有request和require之意,其中request表示下对上的要求,即“请求”公文体forthwith 较 at once 正式; l The Chairperson may convene and preside an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集主持临时董事会议。Convene较hold正式,preside较be in charge of 正式,interim也是正式用词较temporary正式。 l In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.加工贸易中,厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。 title 较 ownership 正式。 l The term "Effective date" means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.“生效期”指双方合同签字的日子。 execute 较 sign 正式; l The submission to and consent by the Engineer of such programs or the provision of such general descriptions or cash flow estimates shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his duties or responsibilities under the Contract.向工程师提交并同意的上述进度计划或提供上述一般说明或现金流量估算,并不解除合同规定的承包人的任何义务或责任。Consent和estimate都是正式用词; l The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as an integral part of this Contract. 整个合同期间,本合同附件应理解为合同不可分割的一部分。deem较consider正式。 l The parties shall work together in order to endeavour to achieve the timely completion of the Project in accordance with the Project Schedule as Annex 4 according to which the construction period shall be _________years from the commencement date.双方共同努力确保按附件四的工程进度表及时竣工,根据该工程进度表工期应从开工日起*年。Commencement较starting、beginning正式。 3. 同、近义词、相关词并列(Parallel Synonyms, Parasynonyms and Associated/Binomial Expressions) 在英文合同中同近义词或相关词成对或多个并列连用,使合同周密严谨,以减少漏洞和争议。 l This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.本协议由甲方与乙方签订。句中made与entered into同义,而by与between相关。 l Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the following commodity under the terms and conditions set out below: 甲方同意按照下列条款向乙方购买如下商品:terms 和conditions同义,往往并列连用表示合同的条款。 l Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20. 自9月2O日起,甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。On与after相关词连用用以明确时间。 l Any partner or his/her agent, may review any and all accounting or other records at anytime.任何合伙人或其代理人,可随时审查任一或全部会计账目或其他记录。Any 与 all 相关词连用,表达更为严谨。 l The decision by such arbitration shall be accepted as final and binding upon both parties。该仲裁裁决为终局裁决,双方均受其约束。Final和binding属相关词连用。 l The Company hereby releases and discharges Party A from further performance of, and any duties, obligations or liabilities under, the amended Agreement.本公司特此解除甲方已修正协议的进一步履行及其修正协议下的义务和责任。Release和discharge相关词连用,duty,obligation和liability属近同义词连用。 l If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null or void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect.如果承包人切实履行并遵守上述合同的所有条款、条件及规定,此义务即告终止,否则将保持完全有效。句中terms, provisions, conditions,stipulations为一组同义词,意为合同的条款及规定,null和void,be和remain,force和effect也都是同义连用。 l While this agreement is in effect, the Author shall not, without the prior written consent of the Publisher, write, edit, print, or publish, or cause to be written, edited, printed or published, any other edition of the Work, whether revised, supplemented, corrected, enlarged, abridged, or otherwise…. l May be fixed or varied from time to time at and in accordance with the sole discretion and opinion 第三节 英文合同的句式结构特点(Sentence Structure)与时态特点(Tense)一、句式结构特点(Sentence Structure) 1. 句子冗长,结构严谨,语序复杂(prolixity, preciseness and perplexity ) 英文合同为了准确、严密、清楚地表达,多以庞杂的从句和/或短语并列,语序复杂多变的长句面目出现,很少以简单句为主。 A.主句的状语的位置,一般放在助动词后,行为动词前,与基础英语频度副词如;often,sometimes,always,never,seldom的位置相同。例如: l The Company shall, at all time during the term of the Joint Venture, effect and maintain full and adequate insurance against loss or damage by fire and such risks as are customarily issued in connection with the operation of the Company.合资公司应在合资期间的任何时候,就火灾以及此类与公司经营相关的其他风险所造成的损失或损害进行投保,并保持充分和适当的保险。 l If, at any time during the execution of the Work, the Engineer requires the Contractor to make bore-holes or to carry out exploratory excavation, such requirement shall in accordance with Clause 51, be the subject of an instruction unless an item or a Provisional Sum in respect of such work is included in the Bill of Quantities.在工程施工过程中的任何时间内,如果工程师要求承包人钻孔或进行勘探性开挖,则根据第51条规定以指示形式下达这一要求,但工程量报价表中已经包括了涉及此类工作的项号或暂定金额者除外。 B.从句复杂,从句的状语,往往放在连词之后,从句的句子之前。例如: l If, at any time during the execution of the Contract, either of the Parties to the contract is prevented from executing the Contract in case of Force Majeure such as war, serious fires, flood, typhoon and earthquake, etc., the time for execution of the Contract shall be extended for a period equal to the affect of those causes.在合同期间的任何时候,合同任一方,由于受到战争、严重火灾、洪水、台风和地震等不可抗力事件的影响而不能履行合同时,合同履行期应予延长,延长期限相当于事件影响的时间。 l If, at the time and in the place agreed under Sub-Clause 37.3, the materials or plant are not ready for inspecting or testing or if, as a result of the inspection or testing referred to in this Clause, the Engineer determines that the materials or plant are defective or otherwise not in accordance with the Contract, the Engineer may reject the materials or the plant and shall notify the Contract thereof immediately.如果在按第37.3条约定的时间和地点,供检查和检验的材料或工程设备未准备好,或者按本条规定所作的检查或检验结果,工程师认为材料或工程设备有缺陷或是不符合合同规定的,则工程师可拒收这些材料或工程设备,并应立即通知承包人。(本句较为复杂,有两个条件从句,一个宾语从句) C.主从复合句,从句经常用简略形式。例如: l A party dissatisfied with the judgment may, within 15 day upon receipt of the judgment, file an appeal to the next upper People’s Court.如不服本判决,该方可于接到判决之日起十五日内向上一级法院提起上诉。 l The Contractor shall, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, make his own arrangement for the engagement of all staff and labour, local or other, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.除合同另有规定外,承包人应自行安排从当地或其他地方雇用的所有职员和劳务人员,以及他们的报酬、住房、膳食和交通。 2. 否定前置与倒装(Negative Fronting and Anastrophe) 英语中处理否定的方式一般有两种:一是否定词放在情态动词或助动词后,行为动词前,构成正常的陈述语序;二是否定词放在句首,然后情态动词或助动词与主语位置调换,构成倒装语序。英文合同中含否定意义的句子往往采用后者。例如: 否定仅前置:(Fronting) l Nothing in Article 12.3 shall prevent Party A or any of its affiliation from continuing to carry on any of their present businesses.合同第十二条第三款规定不得妨碍甲方或其分支机构持续经营现有业务。 l Neither party, without prior consent of the other, may assign or transfer to nay third party any equity interests held by its side.未经对方同意,任一方不得向任何第三人转让其持有的股权。 否定倒装:(Anastrophe) l In no event shall the Seller be liable for lost profits, delay, injury to goodwill or any special or consequential damages howsoever any of the same are caused.对于利润损失、延误、商誉损害或任何特别或间接的损害赔偿,不论任何原因引起的,卖方概不承担责任。 l In this case, Party B shall refund to Party A the amount which Party A has paid to Party B plus the related interest at the rate of 10% per year immediately, but in no case shall such refunding by Party B exceeds 30 days from receipt from Party A of the notice to terminate the contract.在此种情况下,乙方应立即返还甲方已支付给乙方的款项并按年利率10%加算利息,但不论怎样乙方该返还不得超过收到甲方终止合同通知后30日。 3.被动语态(Passive Voice) 和基础英语一样,英文合同中如果不必知道行为主体、不知道行为主体、想强调行为结果时,就会使用被动语态。被动结构往往作为后置定语、状语或者句子的谓语。例如: 来源:(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_516690e9010091kx.html) - 英文合同解读(四)_kevin_新浪博客 l Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be a material breach of this Agreement.未能按上述要求通知甲方的,则视为构成实质违约。(作谓语) l Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:,按如下列明的条款,卖方同意出售,买方同意购买下述商品:(作后置定语) l Therefore, Executive agrees that the Company shall be entitled to an injunction restraining Executive from any actual or threatened breach of paragraphs 7, 8 or 9 or to any other appropriate equitable remedy without any bond or other security being required.因此,董事同意本公司无需提供任何保证或其他担保,有权发出申请禁令限制董事任何实际或危及违反7、8或9节的行为或获得任何其他适当衡平救济。(作状语) l The payment of all the expenses under this contract shall be made by M/T through Bank of China, Shenzhen Branch and the bank designated by Party B.所有合同项下的费用均应通过中国银行深圳分行和乙方指定银行进行支付。(作谓语和后置定语) l Upon termination or dissolution of the Partnership,the partnership will be promptly liquidated, with all debts being paid first, prior to any distribution of the remaining funds.合伙企业一经终止或解散,合伙企业立即清算,在分割剩余财产前,首先偿还所有债务。(作谓语和状语) 1. Such…as的用法 英文合同力求严密、准确,为避免误解和歧义,常用such……as作关系代词,引导从句,把所修饰的词或短语放在such和as之间来明确含义。例如: l The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.工程师有权随时向承包人发出合理和恰当施工、竣工及修补工程缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指令。 l B shall provide such information and data as useful and necessary for the negotiation and appoint a person to cooperate with the representatives from C or New Company and the People’s Insurance Company of China in charge of the negotiation.乙方应向丙方或新公司和主管该谈判的中国人民保险公司提供谈判所需的有用资讯材料并指定人员与上述各方进行配合。 l The Employee shall also comply with such future Employer policies, rules, regulations, performance standards and manuals as may be published or amended from time to time. 受聘员工也应遵守可随时公布或修改的聘用方今后的政策、守则、规定、行为规范和员工手册。 l The Contractor shall provide the following personnel on the Site for the purpose of the execution and completion of the Works and remedying of any defects: Only such technical assistants as are skilled and experienced in their respective callings (fields) and such formen and leading hands as are competent to give proper superintendence of the Works. 承包人应为施工、竣工或修补工程缺陷向现场(工地)提供:在本行业中技术熟练,经验丰富的技术助理,和能对工程给予正确监督的监工和领班。 l All material, Plant and Workmanship shall, from time to time, be subject to such tests and inspections as the Engineer may require at the place of manufacture, fabrication or preparation, or on the Site, or at such other place or places as may be specified in the Contract, or at all or any of such places.一切材料、工程设备和工艺应随时按工程师可能提出的要求,在制造、装配或准备地点,或在现场,或在合同规定的其他地点或若干地点,或在所有此类地点或其中任何地点进行检验。 二、时态特点(Tense) 由于合同具有预见性,其约定是希望未来发生、可能发生、应避免发生的事宜,所以英文合同中的时态多为一般将来时或一般现在时(从句中多见)。而且往往以“应当做(shall do)”、“可以做(may do)”、“必须做(must do)”、“不得做(may not/shall not)”等表达形式出现来说明当事人的权利、义务。参看第二章第二节,在此不再赘述。也有基础英语常见的will、will not、to do及do(用于强调语气)的表达形式。绝少看到其他时态和表达方式。例如: l In case Party B becomes delinquent in the payment of any sum due hereunder, Party A will be entitled to suspend the performance until such delinquent is corrected, and initiate termination for cause in accordance with Section 10.2.乙方违约未按本协议规定按期支付的,甲方有权中止履行协议,直至该违约得以纠正,甲方还有权于协议第十条第二款规定的事由出现时终止本协议的执行。(In case从句和until从句中一般现在时,主句用will do表一般将来时) l Licensee agrees that it will not during the term of this agreement, or thereafter, attack the title or any rights of Licensor in and to the Name or attack the validity of this license.受许可方同意在本协议期间及其后不以或对许可方名义侵害许可方的所有权或任何权利或侵害该许可的效力。(主句一般现在时,从句用will not表一般将来时的否定) l The abovementioned loss to be calculated from the 16th day after expiry of the free storage time at the port should be borne by the Buyer with the exception of Force Majeure.上述损失从到港卸货仓储期届满后第16天起算,由买方承担,不可抗力除外。(to be calculated将来可能需要计算的) l In consideration of employment with the Company, I do hereby acknowledge the facts set out below and agree to be bound as follows:考虑到受聘于公司,本人由此认可以下列明事实并同意受其约束:(do强调郑重的语气可不翻译出) 当然,在特定的情况下,偶尔也会看到完成时态、进行时态的表达。例如: From time to time after Licensee has commenced selling the articles and upon Licensor’s written request, Licensee shall furnish without cost to Licensor not more than additional random samples of each article being manufactured and sold by Licensee hereunder, together with any cartons, containers and packing and wrapping material used in connection therewith.受许可方开始销售产品后,应许可方随时书面要求,不对许可方产生任何附加费用,受许可方应向许可方提供根据本协议正在生产销售的随机样品及其相关的纸箱、集装箱和包装材料。

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