海洋运输货物保险条款（附英文） 一、责任范围 本保险分为平安险、水渍险及一切险三种。被保险货物遭受损失时，本保险按照保险单上订明承保险别的条款规定，负赔偿责任。 （一）平安险 本保险负责赔偿： 1、被保险货物在运输途中由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水自然灾害造成整批货物的全部损失或推定全损。当被保险人要求赔付推定全损时，须将受损货物及其权利委付给保险公司。被保险货物用驳船运往或运离海轮的，每一驳船所装的货物可视作一个整批。推定全损是指被保险货物的实际全损已经不可避免，或者恢复、修复受损货物以及运送货物到原订目的地的费用超过该目的地的货物价值。 2、由于运输工具遭受搁浅、触礁、沉没、互撞、与流冰或其他物体碰撞以及失火、爆炸意外事故造成货物的全部或部份损失。 3、在运输工具已经发生搁浅、触礁、沉没、焚毁意外事故的情况下，货物在此前后又在海上遭受恶劣气候、雷电、海啸等自然灾害所造成的部份损失。 4、在装卸或转运时由于一件或数件整件货物落海造成的全部或部份损失。 5、被保险人对遭受承保责任内危险的货物采取抢救、防止或减少货损的措施而支付的合理费用，但以不超过该批被救货物的保险金额为限。 6、运输工具遭遇海难后，在避难港由于卸货所引起的损失以及在中途港，避难港由于卸货，存仓以及运送货物所产生的特别费用。 7、共同海损的牺牲、分摊和救助费用。 8、运输契约订有“船舶互撞责任”条款，根据该条款规定应由货方偿还船方的损失。 （二）水渍险 除包括上列平安险的各项责任外，本保险还负责被保险货物由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水自然灾害所造成的部份损失。 （三）一切险 除包括上列平安险和水渍险的各项责任外，本保险还负责被保险货物在运输途中由于外来原因所致的全部或部分损失。 二、除外责任 本保险对下列损失不负赔偿责任： （一）被保险人的故意行为或过失所造成的损失。 （二）属于发货人责任所引起的损失。 （三）在保险责任开始前，被保险货物已存在的品质不良或数量短差所造成的损失。 （四）被保险货物的自然损耗、本质缺陷、特性以及市价跌落；运输迟延所引起的损失或费用。 （五）本公司海洋运输货物战争险条款和货物运输罢工险条款规定的责任范围和除外责任。 三、责任起讫 （一）本保险负“仓至仓”责任，自被保险货物运离保险单所载明的起运地仓库或储存处所开始运输时生效，包括正常运输过程中的海上、陆上、内河和驳船运输在内，直至该项货物到达保险单所载明目的地收货人的最后仓库或储存处所或被保险人用作分配、分派或非正常运输的其他储存处所为止。如末抵达上述仓库或储存处所，则以被保险货物在最后卸载港全部卸离海轮后满六十天为止。如在上述六十天内被保险货物需转运到非保险单所载 明的目的地时，则以该项货物开始转运时终止。 （二）由于被保险人无法控制的运输延迟、绕道、被迫卸货、重行装载、转载或承运人运用运输契约赋予的权限所作的任何航海上的变更或终止运输契约，致使被保险货物运到非保险单所载明目的地时，在被保险人及时将获知的情况通知保险人，并在必要时加缴保险费的情况下，本保险仍继续有效，保险责任按下列规定终止。 1、被保险货物如在非保险单所载明的目的地出售，保险责任至交货时为止，但不论任何情况下，均以被保险货物在卸载港全部卸离海轮后满六十天为止。 2、被保险货物如在上述六十天期限内继续运往保险单所载原目的地或其他目的地时，保险责任仍按上述第（一）款的规定终止。 四、被保险人的义务 被保险人应按照以下规定的应尽义务办理有关事项，如因未履行规定的义务而影响保险人利益时，本公司对有关损失，有权拒绝赔偿。 （一）当被保险货物运抵保险单所载明的目的港（地）以后，被保险人应及时提货，当发现被保险货物遭受任何损失，应即向保险单上所载明的检验、理赔代理人申请检验，如发现被保险货物整件短少或有明显残损痕迹应即向承运人、受托人或有关当局（海关、港务当局等）索取货损货差证明。如果货损货差是由于承运人、受托人或其他有关方面的责任所造成，并应以书面方式向他们提出索赔，必要时还须取得延长时效的认证。

股东合作协议书 Shareholders ’ Cooperation Agreement 甲方名称：*********有限责任公司 地 址：********** 电 话：********** 传 真：********** 法定代表人：********** Party A: ********** Co., ltd. Address: No. ********, ******** Road, ******** City, ******** Province Tel: ********** Fax: ********** legal representative: ********** 乙方名称：**********有限公司 地 址：********** 座 机：********** 移动固话：********** 传 真：********** 法定代表人：********** Party B: ********** Co., Ltd Address: Room**********, ********** Road,********** District,Beijing, China Tel: ********** Mobile: ********** Fax: ********** legal representative: ********** 丙方名称：********** 地 址：********** Phone ：********** Fax ：********** 法定代表人：********** Party C: ********** Address: ********** Tel: ********** Fax ：**********

英文合同中的“根据、依据、按照”的表达 ?/ (2012-06-10 16:04:47) /转载▼ 标签：? 英文合同 ? 杂谈 分类：?英文合同条款术语参考资料  / “根据，依据、按照”的表达在英文合同中使用非常频繁，特别是重要的责任义务条款和规定，要么依据法律法规，要么依据本合同其他条款的相应规定。因此，必须对此类表达非常明确，不可含糊。常用的表达方式有： in accordance with; under; pursuant to，according to，?subject to，on the basis of?等等。 ? 例??中标人的投标保证金，?在中标人按本须知第34条规定签订合同，按本须知第35条规定交纳了履约保证金，并按本须知第36条规定交纳了招标服务费后予以退还。 The successful Bidder’s bid security wi11 be discharged upon the Bidder signing the contract, pursuant to?ITB Clause 34, and furnishing the performance security,?pursuant to?ITB Clause 35,and payment of Tendering service fee?pursuant to?ITB Clause 36. ? 例??Agency shall not commence work on any project?pursuant to?this Agreement without first estimating costs for preparation, including copy, service layout, art, engraving, typography, processing, paste up and production. After determining the estimated cost, completion of the work shall be subject to Advertiser’s prior approval. 根据此协议，代理商不可以不进行任何费用评估就开始对任何项目的工作，包括：复印，服务设计，版画，版面设计，加工，粘贴和生产。在决定预计费用后，工作的完成应由广告商的预先批准。 ? 例??The bid security is required to protect the Tendering Agent and the Tenderer against the risk of Bidder’s conduct which would warrant the security’s forfeiture,?pursuant to?ITB Clause 15.7. 投标保证金是为了保护招标机构和招标人免遭因投标人的行为而蒙受损失。招标机构和招标人在因投标人的行为受到损害时可根据本须知第15.7条的规定没收投标人的投标保证金。 ? 例??During the term of this Agreement, Agency may not accept employment from render services to represent or otherwise be affiliated with any person, firm, corporation or entity in connection with any product or service directly or indirectly competitive with or similar to any product or service of Advertiser with respect to which the Agency is providing any service?pursuant to?this Agreement. 在此协议期间，代理商不得接受来自雇用机构的聘用，来代表或和任何与广告商的任何或类似的产品或服务直接或间接竞争的人，公司，企业或实体联系，根据此协议，代理商不可提供任何服务给他们。 ? 例??This Agreement shall be construed and enforced?in accordance with?the laws of the state of China. 本协议应根据中国的法律来理解和实施。 ? 例??招标人根据招标项目的具体情况，可以组织潜在投标人踏勘项目现场。 In accordance with?the specific circumstances of the project for which bids are invited, the bid inviting party may organize an on-the-spot survey of the project for the potential bidders. ? 例??On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space?in accordance with?the date of shipment specified in the Contract. 按照FOB条件，由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。 ? 例Advertiser shall not be obligated to reimburse Agency for any travel or other out-of-pocket expenses incurred in the performance of services?pursuant to?this Agreement unless expressly agreed by Advertiser in advance. 广告商将没有责任支付根据此项协议任何在执行此服务中所产生的任何旅行费用或其它实付费用，除非提前由由广告商明确同意。 ? 例??The contractor shall,?in accordance with?this contract, enjoy full autonomy in its business operation and be responsible for their own profits and losses. 承包方依合同规定自主经营、自负盈亏。

聘用合同 EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT 聘用方: 受聘方: Employer: Employee: 受聘方(以下称为外籍教师)自愿来到深圳市**文化发展有限公司担任英语教师。聘用方和外籍教师本着友好合作的精神，同意签定合同并保证认真履行合同中约定的各项义务。 The Employee (hereafter referred to as “Foreign Teacher”) willingly comes to Shenzhen to be a teacher at ** Education. The Employer and the Foreign Teacher, in a spirit of friendly cooperation, agree to sign this contract and pledge to all the obligations stipulated in it. 一、外籍教师职责 Foreign Teacher’s Duties and Responsibilities 1.合同期间，外籍教师需遵守公司的工作时间与公司规定，并且不允许在合同期内辞职。 The Foreign Teacher should comply with the schedule and regulations of ** Education, and he/she must not resign during the contract term. 2. 外籍教师必须提供真实有效的身份证件，如因证件原因产生的后果自行负责。 The Foreign Teacher must provide the real ID certificates, and be responsible for the consequences caused by the fake certificates. 3. 外籍教师应使用聘用方提供的教学材料，制定合适的教学计划，保证教学质量。 The Foreign Teacher will use the teaching materials provided by the Employer and will develop an appropriate teaching plan. The Foreign Teacher should apply this teaching plan to ensure the delivery of high-quality lessons. 4. 外籍教师主要的工作内容： The Foreign Teacher’s main working contents : 讲授语音课与口语课。 To teach Oral English Lesson. 担任口语大赛的评委。 To be a judge in the Oral English Competition. 组织备课和与家长学生互动活动。 To prepare lessons before class and organize interaction activities with parents and students. 若教学时间有变动，应服从聘用方的安排，不得有异议。 If the schedule of the classes is changed, the Foreign Teacher should obey the employer’s arrangement with no objection. 工作时间： 年 月 日 至 年 月 日，周一到周六，每天6-8课时。 Working time： from Monday to Saturday, from to , with 6 – 8 classes per day. 5. 外籍教师同意在**文化发展有限公司三个分校任教（雁盟分校、桃源居分校、福永分校）。 The Foreign Teacher will teach in the three branch schools of ** Education which are Yanmeng branch, Taoyuanju branch and Fuyong branch. 6. 外籍教师在上课时间不得迟到，若迟到5分钟以上，每次罚款50元。 The Foreign Teacher must not be late for school. If he/she is late for school over 5 minutes each time, it will be a penalty of 50RMB each time. 二、聘用方职责 Employer’s Duties and Responsibilities 1. 聘用方将对外籍教师的工作进行指导和评价。 The Employer will provide guidance and evaluation of the Foreign Teacher’s work. 2. 聘用方将安排一位中教协助外籍教师授课。 A Chinese teacher will be arranged to assist the Foreign Teacher in teaching.

Booking Note QUANTITY AND QUALITY 5000 wet metric tons +/-10% in Seller’s option expected to assay approximately as follows: Element Assay CIQ Rejection Level      Cu % 22 - 30   Pb % < 6 6  Zn % 5 – 10   Au g/t 0.5 - 2   Ag g/t 300 - 600   S % 28 - 33   As % 0.2 - 0.5 

Contract Party A: Party B: According to the Contract Law of People’s Republic of China as well as other relevant laws and regulations, through friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B entrusted to undertake design, and reached the following agreement: Commitment Party A entrusted Party B ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________. Draft design period ___ working days Design Fee Total design fee: RMB Payment: Party A should pay 60% of total designing fee once signing the contract, i.e RMB. After confirming the designing schedule and style, and when in need of adjusting on electric designs, Party A should pay 30% of total design fee, i.e RMB After fixing the complete designing schedule, Party A should pay the balance of the design fee, i.e RMB, Party B should hand over the printing CD after receiving the balance of payment. Period and means of delivery of the design plan. Party B must complete the draft of design within the time agreed by the two parties. If party B can not complete on time due to reduplicative changes from Party A, the delivery time can be put off. To ensure the smooth cooperation, Party A must confirm or make suggestion within three working days after receipt of the design from Party B, Party B should not exceed five working days to feedback the suggestion. Party A should supply the necessary designing information within 20 working days after signing of the contract. As Party A (not supply complete information and so on) make the design delayed, if delayed time more than three months (subject to the date of contract), Party A should pay the balance design fee, Party B will carry on making the design. If more than six months, this contract will automatically be terminated. Party B will supply the original CD. If Party A still need Party B to make the design, Party A should pay anther palette and design fee. After the final confirmation of the design, Party B should supply the colored prints and electronic documents. Party A should bear the actual cost if needs the printing sample. Intellectual Property. Before Party A pay off all the design fee, Party B own the copyright, Party A can not use this design, and have no any right of this works. Party A have the right to sign the Copyright Transfer Contract, to have the proprietary rights, rights of use and alterations after paying off the payment. Copyright of design not used by Party A still belongs to Party B, Party A do not have any right for this. After the final confirmation by Party A, if as the changes of Party A’s company name or commodity name to change the design plan or have all different idea with the original plan, it should be as new plan, and Party A should pay the balance fee, and sign new contract, Party B will make new design plan. After paying off, Party B can not alter the design and give any other company. Responsibility and authority Responsibility of Party A Party A should try their best to supply the information for this design. Once finding the mistake, oversight or disagreement with the contract, Party A should inform Party B in writing timely, and Party B should make amendment in time. Party A should abide by the payment terms in the contract. Party A should make the confirmation for all the documents and things that need confirmed timely. Party A have the right to give a suggestion for Party B’s design and make the works accords with the enterprise culture. Responsibility of Party B Party B must make the plan and creative design according to the requirement in the contract made by Party A, and make full use of specialized knowledge and experience, to supply first design and service to Party A. Party B should supply all the design documents, making sizes and designs of every period according to the all requirement of the contract and appendix, and complete the design. Party B should make the design according to the things that confirmed by Party A critically. Party B should make the design creation as the requirement of Party A and supply the satisfied works.

第一章 英文合同概述(General Introduction)In view of all this, we are making a binding agreement, putting it in writing, and our leaders, our Levites and our priests are affixing their seals to it.（Nehemiah BIBLE NIV）因这一切的事，我们立确实的约，写在册上。我们的首领，利未人，和祭司都签了名。【尼西米】《圣经》新国际版 合同，古称契约（港台现仍多用此语），“契”者即证券，证明买卖、抵押、租赁等关系的文书，如契据、房契等。古代典籍中常见此语，《易·系辞》就有“后时圣人易之以书契。”“约”者即共同商定的事,共同议定要遵守的条文，如和约、条约等。《三国演义》中就有“昔高祖约法三章,黎民皆感其德。”而西方在早在〈〈圣经〉〉中就有关于上帝在西乃山与以色列人立约的记载。挪亚方舟就是籍着上帝与挪亚的契约而建造的：But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons’ wives with thee. （但我要与你立约，你以及你的儿子、妻子和儿媳，要与你一同进入方舟。）第一节 合同与协议(Contract and Agreement)而在现代英语合同中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。那么Contract和Agreement是一回事吗？他们之间又有什么关系呢？《中华人民共和国民法通则》第85条规定：“合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议”（A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship）。《中华人民共和国合同法》第二条规定：“合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议”（Contracts referred to in this Law are agreements between equal natural persons, legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations）。美国法律整编合同法第二次汇编定义合同为：“合同乃为一个允诺或一组允诺。违反此一允诺时，法律给予救济；或其允诺之履行，法律在某些情况下视之为一项义务。”（A contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.）（Restatement，Second, Contracts, Section 1）这一定义在Steven H. Gifts 编著的Law Dictionary被完全引述. 但一般而言，Contract，乃两个以上当事人间具有法律约束力之协议，或由一个以上当事人所为一组具有法律约束力之允诺。（A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties or a set of legal binding promises made by one party or more.(G. C. Lindsay, Contract, 3rd ed. 1992) 这一表述在L.B. Curzon编撰的Dictionary of Law中概括为“A legally binding agreement creating enforceable obligations.” Chris Turner在其编撰的Contract Law中定义的更为具体明了“A contract is an agreement between two parties by which both are bound in law and which can therefore be enforced in a court or other equivalent forum.”即合同就是对合同方具有法律上约束力，可由法院或其他同等管辖地强制执行的协议。而在Black’s Law Dictionary（Eighth Edition）对contract 的定义多达8项：1. An agreement two or more parties creating obligations that are enforceable or otherwise recognzable at law 2.The writing that set forth such an agreement.3.引述美国法律整编合同法第二次汇编“contract”的定义.4. Broadly, any legal duty or set of duties not imposed by the law of tort; esp., a duty created by a decree or declaration of a court. 5. The body of law dealing with agreement and exchange.6. The term of an agreement or any particular term. 7.Loosely, a sale or conveyance. 8. Loosely, an enforceable agreement between two or more parties to do or not to do a thing or a set of things; a compact.至于agreement，L.B. Curzon的Dictionary of Law定义为：“Ａ consensus of minds, or evidence of such consensus, in spoken or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”是对已做和待做的有关事宜以口头或书面形式做出的相同意思表示或该意思表示的证据。而在Black’s Law Dictionary（Eighth Edition）给Agreement下了两个定义：一个是“A mutual understanding between two or more persons about their relative duites and obligations regarding past or future performances; a manifestation of mutual assent by two or more persons. ”即双方或多方就过去或将来的相关职责和义务的履行而达成相互的理解；双方或多方相互达成一致的表现形式。另一个是“The Parties’ acutal bargain as found in their language or by implication from other circumstances, including course of dealing, usage of trade and course of performance.”即当事人通过语言或其他情形暗示而确立的实际约定，包括交易常例、贸易习惯以及履行惯例。在ENGLISH-CHINISE BILINGUAL LAW DICTIONARY (2nd ed.)中对agreement作出了如下解释：document setting out the contractual terms agreed between two parties or contract between two parties where one party makes an offer, and the other party accepts it.协议，协定，合同（列出双方当事人同意和约定条件的文件）Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)到底能不能相互替换呢？让我们来看看英文合同相关书籍和词典的说法。Chris Turner在其Contract Law中是这样阐述合同的成立：“There are three key ingredients to formation(of contracts): agreement-based on mutuality over the terms, agreement exists when a valid acceptance follows a valid offer; consideration-given by both sides, the quid pro quo, and the proof that the bargain exists; intention to create legal relations-since a contract is legally enforceable, unlike mere gratuitous promises. 即合同成立的三个要件：协议（基于要约与承诺形成对条款的相互一致而存在）、约因（双方付出的对价及对价存在的证据）和设立法律关系的意愿。（合同具有法律上的执行力，不同于纯粹的无偿赠予的允诺）这里也是用agreement来解释contract的，认为contract（合同）是一种符合一定条件的agreement（协议）。在英语法律用语中虽然多用“agreement”来解释“contract”，其实也有偶用“contract”解释“agreement”的情形，如：Agreement,…(2) A contract (The Law Dictionary) 甚至有在同一句中交替使用的实例，如：If the contract contains an innocent mistake, you can get out of the agreement if the mistake is important. (What Should I Know About Contracts, The State Bar of California, 2 Edi. 1984), 还有更为明确的：Agreement. Synonym for Contract (Robert LeRoy & Kenneth A. Buths, Business Law and Taxes, “Glossary”, 1984)而在Black’s Law Dictionary对agreement的注释中也能看到“The term’agreement’ frequently as synymous with the word”contract”, is really an expression greater breath of meaning and less technicality. Every contract is an agreement,; but not every agreement is a contract. In its colloquial sense, the term ‘agreement’ would include any arrangement between two or more persons intended to affect their relations (whether legal or otherwise) to each other. An accepted invitation to dinner, for example, would be an agreement in this sense; but it would not be a contract, because it would neither be intended to create, nor would it in fact create, any legal obligation between the parties to it. Further, even an agreement which is intended to affect the obligations of the parties does not necessarily amount to a contract in the strict sense of the term. For instance, a conveyance of land or a gift of a chattel, though involving an agreement is … not a contract; because its primary legal operation is to effect a transfer of property, and not to create an obligation.” 2 Stephen’s Commmentaries on the laws of England 5 (L. Crispin Warmington ed., 21st ed. 1950).“An agreement, as the courts have said, ‘is nothing more than a mannefestation of mutual assent’ by two or more legally competent persons to one another’ by two or more legally competent persons to one another. Agreementis in some respects a broader term than contract, or even than bargain or promise. It covers excluded sales, gifts, and other transfers of property.” Samuel Williston, A Treaties on the Law of Contracts § at 6 (Walter H.E. Jaeger ed., 3d ed.1957).综上所述，我们不难看出，汉语的法律用语仅用协议来解释合同，而英语的法律用语往往不很严格，多用Agreement解释Contract, 但也有用Contract解释Agreement的情形, 虽说大多情况Contract与Agreement有所区别，有时候两者还可以作为同义词互换使用。可以说contract都是协议，但协议不一定就是Contract。但就广义的协议和合同来讲，还是有区别的：从成立的宗旨上看，协议十分宽泛不囿于为了当事人间形成法律或其他关系，即便是为影响当事人的义务也未必形成严格意义上的合同关系，如不动产转让或动产赠与。从内容、条款上看，合同较为具体、详尽，着眼于微观，而协议则较为原则、粗疏，致力于宏观。实践中往往合作方就某一项目达成协议对有关原则问题作出约定，然后在此基础上签订合同，再全面明确各项具体的细节。从涉及范围上看，合同的标的往往比较单一集中，也很明确；通常都是一事一议，就事论事，而协议的标的往往比较广泛；一项大型项目的协议往往包括或分解成若干个具体的合同。从书写格式上看，合同已基本格式化了，大家可以看到许多的合同范本；而协议的格式相对灵活一些，没有什么固定的格式。而狭义的协议和合同并无分别，只是用语上和习惯上的称呼而已。第二节 合同的种类与名称（Categories and Titles）一份英文法律文件, 到底是不是英文合同, 就要看它的内容是否符合合同的要求。一般而言合同不外乎包括人、事、时、地、物五大要素，也就是4W1H (Who, When, Where, What, How),如果你手上的文件内容包括了这五项要素而且签署生效，该文件就应该具有了合同的性质，而不论它是以何面目出现的。常见的英文合同名称可分为以下四大类：一、 合同、协议（Contract; Agreement）文件名称直接标明“Contract”或“Agreement”是最常见的英文合同。《中华人民共和国》第九章到第二十三章就合同种类作了概括，它们分别是买卖合同；供用电、水、气、热力合同；赠与合同；借款合同；租赁合同；融资租赁合同；承揽合同；建设工程合同；运输合同；技术合同；保管合同；仓储合同；委托合同；行纪合同；居间合同等十五大类。（Sales Contracts, Contracts for Supply of Power, Water, Gas or Heat, Donation Contracts, Loan Contracts, Leasing Contracts, Financial Leasing Contract, Work-for-hire Contracts, Construction Project Contracts, Carriage Contracts, Technology Contracts, Safe-keeping Contracts, Warehousing Contracts, Agency Appointment Contracts, Commission Agency Contracts, Brokerage Contracts）而常见的协议有委托代理协议（Agency Agreement）、合伙协议( Partnership Agreement、股份转让协议(Shares Assignment Agreement)、保密协议(Confidentiality Agreement)、竞业禁止协议(Non-compete Agreement)、聘用协议（Employment Agreement）等等。二、 意向书（Letter of Intent）文件名称如果标明“Letter of Intent”, “Memorandum of Understanding”(简称MOU, 通常翻译为谅解备忘录)，甚至只称为“Memorandum”（简称Memo，通常称之为备忘录）。另外，也有标明“Minute of Talks”(即会谈纪要)。这些法律文件往往是当事人双方在商洽合作中形成的，可以称之为准合同文件，虽然，从名称上看，它们似乎不是合同或者协议，但这些法律文件，如果经当事人签订，即具有一定的法律约束力。甚至，由于没有形成正式的合同或协议，而径直依据这些文件而进行实质的合作，使之具有合同或协议的性质。那就是说，合同的效力不能被其名称所拘束，如果上述的法律文件，其中完整明确地记载了交易的条款，当事人如果依据该条款内容履行，双方也能达成交易目的。那么这份法律文件就应当视为双方的合同或者协议。三、 契约（Covenant, Indenture, Deed, Compact，Protocol）英文合同还有一些约定俗成的名称。Covenant, 主要指不动产转让的合同或证明文件，英文合同如果基于传统英美法对价的存在，也会用到这个词, 表示双方达成的契约。如：In consideration of mutual premises and covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows: Indenture通常也是指不动产转让的契约文件，Deed一般指地契、房契，Compact多用于国家间的协定、协议。Protocol, 通常翻译为草约或者议定书，往往也是双方会谈结果的文字依据。经双方签字后，即受其约束，对草约内容承担法律责任，如果需要补充、修改、完善，双方还会签订补充的协议。四、 其他书函（Letter; Waiver; Guaranty; Power of Attorney）英文合同有时候非常简短，形式上就像信函一样，姑且称之为书函类的英文合同，常常用"Letter"（函），"Waiver"（弃权书），"Guaranty"（保证书），"Power of Attorney"（委托书）等简单明确的字眼作为合同的名称。相对于"Agreement"或"Contract"类的合同，书函类的合同一般具有补充或附属的性质，而且经常出现在“Agreement”或“Contract”类合同的附件中。当然书函类的合同对双方当事人也有完全的拘束力。例如：甲公司向乙银行贷款，由丙公司做担保人，通常甲公司与乙银行会签署一份总协议（General Agreement），做为双方往来的主要依据，再由丙公司签署一份保证书（Guaranty）给乙银行，而乙银行每次拨款时，会发出一份授信书（Credit Letter或Facility Letter）给甲公司，授信书上会载明授信额度，作为甲公司申请拨款的依据。由本例中三份合同可以看出，General Agreement系授信的主要依据，甲公司和丙银行间的权利义务关系主要由General Agreement来规范，而Guaranty及Credit Letter均为附属在General Agreement架构下的小合同。丙公司因签署了Guaranty，因此对乙银行负有保证义务，乙银行因为签署了Credit Letter，因此对甲公司就发生了拨款的义务。本书撰写的方式，是针对名称为"Agreement（狭义）"或"Contract"类型的合同文件做阅读方法的说明，其原因即在于此类文件的合同结构复杂而内容完整，读者若能掌握阅读此类合同的要领，阅读其它类型的英文合同时自然就“No Problem”没问题了。

第五章 英文合同常见实词(Content Words) 1． Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的含义。Represent 往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分：例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。2.Principal place of business (principal office), domicile, business premise, registered office在英文合同中，这几个词的意思分别是：“主营业地”、“住所地”、“营业场所”、“注册地”。往往出现在前言的“parties”部分。例如：This Contract made on April 1, 19- -, at ______, China, between ABC Co. with its principal office at ______, China (hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co. with its principal office at______, USA (hereinafter called Party B).本合同于19**年4月1日于中国***签订，合同双方为ABC公司（以下简称甲方），其主营业地位于中国***，和XYZ公司（以下简称乙方），其主营业地为美国***。例如：If franchisee is declared in default of the agreement, the franchiser has the right to conclude the terms of the agreement and also has the right, without notice to execute any dutiful and authorized acts, on the business premise necessary.如被特许方承认违约，许可方则有权终止该协议且有权未经通知在必要的营业场所采取任何尽责和授权行为。例如：EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________ (month), ____ (year), by and between: _______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Employee"), an individual, with nationality of _________ (Passport No._____) residing at ________________.本聘用协议订立于*年*月*日，协议双方为***（以下本公司），其按*州法律组织设立，注册地为***，和***，自然人，国籍为*国，护照号码为***，住址为***。例如： The Arbitration shall be conducted in the country of the domicile of the defendant. 本仲裁应在被申请人住所地的国家进行。3． Chapter, article, section, clause, paragraph, subparagraph英文合同中的“章”、“条”、“款”、“项” 分别用chapter, article/section/clause, paragraph, subparagraph表示。来源：(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_516690e9010091l0.html) - 英文合同解读（六）_kevin_新浪博客 例如：The Borrower further irrevocably consents to service of process upon it out of said courts in any such action or proceeding by mailing copies thereof by United Stated registered air mail, postage prepaid, to the Borrower at the address specified in Section 10. 5 hereof.借款人进一步不可撤消同意上述法院就该事宜诉讼或程序的送达，接受按照本合同第十条第五款指定的借款人地址寄来的美国航空挂号信，邮资已付邮件中的副本。4.Have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be (duly) authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do这一组短语是都表示“有权做”。Be entitled to表示to give sb. the right to sth.(to sth.)体现该权利法律上的强制性。Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law体现法律上规定的权利。而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指经授权而有的权利，至于do sth. at one’s option or/and discretion则指行为人自主决定的权利。例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer’s right to claim compensations.尽管如此，买方有权撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨碍买方索赔权之行使。例如：In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company’s proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C’s own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.在上述第十四条第一款规定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行选择决断有权向乙方转让丙方或新公司的所有权及在建或竣工后基础设施的所有权的全部或部分作为约定的固定数额的违约金来替代计算赔偿实际损害，但该转让应为丙方自己自愿实施的行为或根据二十三条的规定基于仲裁裁决的处分。又如：The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。再如：The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.甲方任命的监管人员及其代表应有权监督工程进度并发出指令。5．Perform, fulfill, execute, implement英文合同表示合同履行时经常用到这几个词，perform表示to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract泛指双方履行合同的各项责任和义务，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract强调合同一方具体履行合同的义务。Execute implement表示则强调具体实施，execute也有签约、生效的用法。例如：With respect to the outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No. 79hp-106, we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc., who purchased LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quality.有关第79hp-106号合同项下180公吨的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款项，我方坚持要求贵方尽快开立信用证以保证合同的履行。我方在此提请贵方注意该事实，同时从我公司购买低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已经按先前的合同履行完义务，不久后，我方就提供了调整的价格并签订了一份产品品质优良的新合同。例如：Each of the parties to this Agreement shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the transactions contemplated hereby and to fulfill and cause to be fulfilled the conditions to Closing under this Agreement including, without limitation, Parent using reasonable best efforts to obtain the Parent Stockholder Approval at the meeting of Parent’s stockholders scheduled to be held on June 25, 1999 or at any adjournment or postponement thereof (the "June 25 Meeting"). Each party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute and deliver such other instruments and do and perform such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.合同任一方应竭尽全力来完成在此预期的交易并按本协议履行或促使交易的成交条件的履行。包括但不限于母公司尽力按日程在1999年6月25日召开的母公司股东会或该日期延后或休会期间通过母公司股东批准。本合同一方应在他方合理的要求下，应签署并交付其他文件并切实履行本协议和预期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行为和事宜。例如：All disputes arising in connection with this contract or in the execution thereof, should be settled amicably through negotiations.所有与合同或合同履行有关的争议，应通过友好协商解决。例如：All expenses of keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise needed for the conduct of the Company’s business shall be borne by the Company.所有履行本协议规定所要求的或其他本公司经营所需要的保存本公司账册记录和准备财务报表的费用由本公司承担。6．Abide by, observe, obey, comply with这几个词在英文合同中都表示“遵守，服从，”的意思。Comply with的主语通常是Sth.而observe和abide by则的主语通常是Sb.例如：The delivered equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.所交付的设备应由乙方安装调试，应完全符合本合同的技术要求和工艺质量。例如：The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work.承包人必须遵守和服从与该工程有关的一切适用法律规章和条例。7. have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do,be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for,在英文合同中这一组短语都表达“有责任、有义务”。Shall do sth.在第二章英文合同特点时，已经述及，在此不再赘述。其他短语的用法，参看下例：例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.本公司没有完全或随附的任何法律义务向任何他人出售公司资产的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有权权益，或实现本公司或任一子公司的并购、合并或其他的重组或签订有关以上事项的协议。例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing. RCII公司没有任何书面或口头上的法律义务来做以上的任何一项。例3：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged/obligatedto take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.在危险或有毒货物的情况下，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.在买方通知的时限内，抵达装运港后，卖方应对买方承担全部责任并对诸如空仓费、延滞费等所有损失和费用负责。The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.卖方对因任何不可抗力事件导致本买卖合同项下整批或部分货物未能交付或延误概不承担责任。8. effect在基础英语中，effect一般作名词，指效果、影响，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth. in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了这些基本用法外，effect还常用作动词表示“实现”、“完成”的意思。例如：This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties.本合同从双方签字之日起生效。The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.汇票一经承兑交单，买方应在汇票到期时完成支付。此外，当表达实际上，事实上的含义时，英文合同常用in effect, 而不是in fact.9．Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式几份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有双重双份的意思，也常见in duplicate的用法，与此类似的还有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate （一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate （一式八份），in nonuplicate （一式九份），in decuplicate （一式十份）等等。例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。10．Incur英文合同中incur指“招致，引起”，相当于基础英语中的cause。通常以过去分词incurred形式出现。例如：In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由买方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外的费用。例如：No costs incurred in the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.产品的生产、销售、分销或开发引起的花费不得从被许可方的使用费中扣除。11．To-wit作为法律专用语，to-wit的意思为“即”，相当于基础英语中的“that is to say（i.e.）”。例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars ($1,011,150.00) cash in hand paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other good andvaluable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain, sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the party of the second part, the following, to-wit:兹证明（通常省略不译）：兹以乙方支付甲方的一百零一万一千一百五十美元现金和其他为约因，特此确认充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、转让***，对所有权向乙方作一般保证如下，即：12．Sanction, approval, examination英文合同表示审批、批准时，常常使用这几个词，sanction尤其专用于合同。

第四章 英语合同的常用句型(Sentence Patterns) 一、in the event that(短语为in the event of), in case(短语为in case of), providing(that), provided(that), on the conditions that, if(if and whenever), where, in so far as(insofar as), should, suppose/supposing（that）在英文合同中，以上这些词常用来引导条件从句表示“如果、假如”等情形，至于基础英语中常用的“as long as”在英文合同非常鲜见。如：In the event that the Contract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit (or Letter of Guarantee) the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.如果在信用证（或保函）开出后，合同总价或合同其他条款发生变化，业主应尽快安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。如：In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.如上述专有技术的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的证据，则甲方不再承担保密义务。如：15% of the above contract price, e.g. US $ 21, 000. 00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract:甲方从乙方处收到以下技术资料和文件后30天内应信汇乙方上述合同总价的百分之十五，也就是两万一千美元，但该技术资料和文件应符合本合同要求。如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s) it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party.任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、副董事长或董事，但必须书面通知合资公司和合资的另一方。需要注意的是，provided that通常语气上有转折的含义，不宜翻译为“假如，如果”，译为“但是”，则译文过渡自然，符合汉语表达的规范。Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要卖方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付款中扣除，买方便同意卖方延期交货。句中出现两处条件从句，should引导的从句属于非真实条件句，即虚拟语气，表示该条件发生的可能性很小，也就是说是当事人不希望出现的不利情况。而on condition that引导的条件从句，往往表示只要某情况出现，就如何如何。Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of the __ ordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.即使买卖公司*股普通股已经结束，只要该行为尚未履行完毕，本协议条款对双方仍然完全有效。In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.如果被许可方需要的工艺品涉及本许可将履行的标的，则该工艺品的费用和生产该工艺品的时耗应由被许可方承担。As an example, suppose that Stamps.com has a partnership agreement with a company called "Internet Marketing". In this example, "Partner Name" would be "InternetMarketing".试举一例，如果Stamp.com公司与一家名叫Internet Marketing的公司有一合伙协议。本例中，该“合伙名称就是“InternetMaketing”。If and whenever the attorney at law designated by Party B comes to work with Party A, Party A shall offer all sufficient and necessary facilities, arrange the said legal counsel with an office, appoint a company officer to assist legal counsel with his function, provide relevant information and writ and print legal draft for such legal counsel.乙方律师到甲方工作时，甲方应充分给予安排，安排法律顾问办公场所，选派干部协助律师工作，提供有关情况，缮写打印稿件等。相关链接：in no case, in no event, in the case of，in any case等。in no case和in no event表示“决不”即无论怎样都不行。例如：Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.船龄超过20年的买方概不接受。In the case of 就什么来说，关于，in any case 无论如何例如：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.关于危险或有毒货物，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。

第三章、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words）1． Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or whatl Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：l Herein：in this。此中，于此。例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。l Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与 to be referred to as, referred as, called 连用。例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。l Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。l Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto. “特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。l Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。l Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period o two years thereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。l Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect.在那里；在那点上；在那方面。例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。l Therewith：with that.以此；此外。例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。l Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc. 凭此协议，凭此条款等。例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and BB Company (hereinafter referred to as Party B) whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本协议由AA公司（以下简称甲方）和BB公司（以下简称乙方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。（本句中省略未译）2．WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All Men by these presents，In witness Whereof, In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned.WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore用于英文合同前言部分，In witness Whereof用于合同结尾证明部分，在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。l In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此为证，特立此证。例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____ (date) accepted on _____ (date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受该文件，特此为证。l NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 兹特立约为据, 本句话也是用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。例句：NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：l KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根据本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”) in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，（银行名称），其注册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对本银行及其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。l Undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,前面加定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称。例句：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。3． Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite. 即使，尽管。例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing. 尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。4． As合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：l As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof. 基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。l 另有Except as otherwise provided结构，表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。例句：Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。来源：(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_516690e9010091ky.html) - 英文合同解读（五）_kevin_新浪博客 l As构成as the case may be（视具体情况而定）， as the case may require（视具体要求而定）和 as the Venturers may determine等短语。例句：The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。l As构成as of the date of ____ (date) 短语是英语合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表达。例句：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written. 合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效，特此为证。l As还用在as soon as practical短语中，意义用法相当于as soon as possible.例句：During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter. 本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。As与 such连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不在赘述。5. foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in questionl Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in ____________. Both language versions are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。l In question: under consideration; being talk about.通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“这”或“该”问题。例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。6. follows, as below, the following这一族都表示“下列”，一般放在动词后，而the following作为“下列”在英文合同中用的较少。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows;为此，双方达成契约，约定如下：NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.为此，双方约定如下：Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows:兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下： 7. according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最为常见。例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。8. Including but not limited to与including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。例如：The time for the performance of the Seller’s obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller’s reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。9. prior to, no later than, on or before，on and afterprior to, on or before，no later than, on or after常用在英文合同中限定日期，prior to表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no(not) later than,表示“不迟于”，On and after表示“从某日起”。例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20. 自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。例如： Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December.本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。例如：10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。例如： This credit expires till January1 (inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为till and not including January 1。10．Without prejudice toWithout prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer’s right to claim compensations.不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。11．Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on account of，considering, in consideration of这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因为”，其中due to，owing to，because of较不正式，很少使用。

和 *****************************CO., LTD. **********公司 AND 之 IMPORT AGENT SERVICE AGREEMENT 委托代理进口协议 2009/1/8 进口代理协议书 IMPORT SERVICE AGREEMENT 甲方： 乙方：***公司 *******Co.,Ltd

合同翻译常用句型和词汇 This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party. 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。  What is?left unmentioned?in contract may be added there as an appendix. 本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。  The Contract is?written in quadruplicate (two for original and copy respectively)?which shall become valid on the date of signature. 本合同一式四份（正副本各两份）自签署后生效  This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which shall be deemed equally authentic. This contract is in 2 copies effective since being signed/sealed by both parties. 本合同为中英文两种文本，两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签字（盖章）之日起生效。  This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。  ? ?   1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list 2. 合同价格 Contract value 序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size， dimension 数量 amount， unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物，运费 freight， transportation 合同总额（含安装费与税金） Contract amount incl. VAT & installation 3. 付款条件 payment conditions， payment terms 4. 交货地点 delivery place 5. 发货期 delivery time 6. 安装条款 installation clause 7. 验收条款 inspection clause 8. 保证条款 guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款 Breach clause 11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同 completion of contract 完成合同 contract for future delivery 期货合同 contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 labor contract? 劳动合同

DATED 2002 ［日期］ [CONTRACT NAME] ［合同名称］ -by and between- 合同双方 [PARTY A NAME] PARTY A ［甲方名称］ -and- 与 [PARTY B NAME] PARTY B ［乙方名称］

拟订英文合同是进出口买卖中一项重要的工作。这个合同都包括哪些内容，其中的语言该怎么表达呢。下面给大家提供一段参考范文： 合同 CONTRACT日期： 合同号码：Date: Contract No.:买 方： (The Buyers) 卖方： (The Sellers) 兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款由买方购进，卖方售出以下商品： This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers; whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter: (1) 商品名称:Name of Commodity： (2) 数 量：Quantity: (3) 单 价：Unit price: (4) 总 值：Total Value: (5) 包 装：Packing: (6) 生产国别：Country of Origin : (7) 支付条款：Terms of Payment: (8) 保 险：Insurance: (9) 装运期限：Time of Shipment: (10) 起 运 港：Port of Lading: (11) 目 的 港：Port of Destination: (12)索赔：在货到目的口岸45天内如发现货物品质，规格和数量与合同不符，除属保险公司或船方责任外，买方有权凭中国商检出具的检验证书或有关文件向卖方索赔换货或赔款。 Claims: Within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination, should the quality, Specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable. The Buyers shall, have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim for compensation to the Sellers. (13)不可抗力：由于人力不可抗力的原由，发生在制造、装载或运输的过程中导致卖方延期交货或不能交货者，卖方可免除责任。在不可抗力发生后，卖方须立即电告买方及在14天内以空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件，在上述情况下，卖方仍须负责采取措施尽快发货。 Force Majeure: The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-deli-very of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. The sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days there after. The Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance certificate of the accident. Under such circumstances the Sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods. (14）仲裁：凡有关执行合同所发生的一切争议应通过友好协商解决，如协商不能解决，则将分歧提交中国国际贸易促进委员会按有关仲裁程序进行仲裁，仲裁将是终局的，双方均受其约束，仲裁费用由败诉方承担。Arbitration: All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached, the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission. The Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties. And the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.买方： 卖方: （授权签字） （授权签字）

PURCHASE ORDER 采 购 合 同 合同编号( Contract No.)： 日 期(Date)： 卖方(Seller)： 地址(Address): 电话(Tel)： 传真(Fax)： 电子邮箱(E-mail)： 买方(Buyer)： 地址(Address): 电话(Tel)： 传真(Fax)： 邮箱(E-mail)： The undersigned seller and buyer have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions set forth as below: 买卖双方经协商同意按下列条款成交： Commodity, Quantity and Price: 商品、数量和价格： CIF: Seattle Port, USA CIF:西雅图港口，美国 Item No Description of Goods 商 品 描 述  Norms 规 格 Quantity Tons 数量 P (吨) Unit Price USD/Tons 单价 美金 / 吨 AMOUNT 金额 (USD)